And a few words of warning from the great skeptic
David Hume
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739)
Introduction-
Nothing is more usual and more natural for those, who pretend to
discover anything new to the world in philosophy and the sciences, than
to insinuate the praises of their own systems, by decrying all those,
which have been advanced before them. And indeed were they content with
lamenting that ignorance, which we still lie under in the most
important questions, that can come before the tribunal of human reason,
there are few, who have an acquaintance with the sciences, that would
not readily agree with them. 'Tis easy for one of judgment and
learning, to perceive the weak foundation even of those systems, which
have obtained the greatest credit, and have carried their pretensions
highest to accurate and profound reasoning. Principles taken upon
trust, consequences lamely deduced from them, want of coherence in the
parts, and of evidence in the whole, these are every where to be met
with in the systems of the most eminent philosophers, and seem to have
drawn disgrace upon philosophy itself.
Conclusion-
I am first affrighted and confounded with that forelorn solitude, in
which I am plac'd in my philosophy, and fancy myself some strange
uncouth monster, who not being able to mingle and unite in society, has
been expell'd all human commerce, and left utterly abandon'd and
disconsolate. Fain wou'd I run into the crowd for shelter and warmth;
but cannot prevail with myself to mix with such deformity. I call upon
others to join me, in order to make a company apart; but no one will
hearken to me. Every one keeps at a distance, and dreads that storm,
which beats upon me from every side. I have expos'd myself to the
enmity of all metaphysicians, logicians, mathematicians, and even
theologians; and can I wonder at the insults I must suffer? I have
declar'd my disapprobation of their systems; and can I be surpriz'd, if
they shou'd express a hatred of mine and of my person? When I look
abroad, I foresee on every side, dispute, contradiction, anger, calumny
and detraction. When I turn my eye inward, I find nothing but doubt and
ignorance. All the world conspires to oppose and contradict me; tho'
such is my weakness, that I feel all my opinions loosen and fall of
themselves, when unsupported by the approbation of others. Every step I
take is with hesitation, and every new reflection makes me dread an
error and absurdity in my reasoning.
For with what confidence can I venture
upon such bold enterprises, when beside those numberless infirmities
peculiar to myself, I find so many which are common to human nature?
Can I be sure, that in leaving all established opinions I am following
truth; and by what criterion shall I distinguish her, even if fortune
shou'd at last guide me on her foot-steps? After the most accurate and
exact of my reasonings, I can give no reason why I shou'd assent to it;
and feel nothing but a strong propensity to consider objects strongly
in that view, under which they appear to me. Experience is a principle,
which instructs me in the several conjunctions of objects for the past.
Habit is another principle, which determines me to expect the same for
the future; and both of them conspiring to operate upon the
imagination, make me form certain ideas in a more intense and lively
manner, than others, which are not attended with the same advantages.
Without this quality, by which the mind enlivens some ideas beyond
others (which seemingly is so trivial, and so little founded on reason)
we cou'd never assent to any argument, nor carry our view beyond those
few objects, which are present to our senses. Nay, even to these
objects we cou'd never attribute any existence, but what was dependent
on the senses; and must comprehend them entirely in that succession of
perceptions, which constitutes our self or person. Nay farther, even
with relation to that succession, we cou'd only admit of those
perceptions, which are immediately present to our consciousness, nor
cou'd those lively images, with which the memory presents us, be ever
receiv'd as true pictures of past perceptions. The memory, senses, and
understanding are, therefore, all of them founded on the imagination,
or the vivacity of our ideas.
The Natural History of Religion (1757)
XV
The more exquisite any good is, of which a small specimen is afforded
us, the sharper is the evil, allied to it; and few exceptions are found
to this uniform law of nature. The most sprightly wit borders on
madness; the highest effusions of joy produce the deepest melancholy;
the most ravishing pleasures are attended with the most cruel lassitude
and disgust; the most flattering hopes make way for the severest
disappointments. And, in general, no course of life has such safety
(for happiness is not to be dreamed of) as the temperate and moderate,
which maintains, as far as possible, a mediocrity, and a kind of
insensibility, in every thing. As the good, the great, the sublime, the
ravishing are found eminently in the genuine principles of theism; it
may be expected, from the analogy of nature, that the base, the absurd,
the mean, the terrifying will be equally discovered in religious
fictions and chimeras.